For most people it’s hard to imagine that grown men are having sexual contact with, paying for, and raping children. Yet this is happening with such frequency that this crime, human trafficking, is the now the fastest growing crime in the world. (Harris, K. 2012). What is causing grown men to abuse children in this way? There are several factors that ignite this crime, but two triggers are directly linked to the purchase of sex with minors. Research shows that often these men were themselves molested in childhood and perpetuate the cycle of abuse once they become adults. There is also evidence that links the consumption of pornography to child sex trafficking. Media often blames criminals, police blame parents, parents blame schools, and so it goes. The question is: what is driving the demand for sex with children and can we stop it?

One school of thought evaluating the origins of exploitive behavior is premised upon the idea that molesters were themselves molested. There is strong evidence supporting a connection between experiencing childhood abuse and later becoming a child molester. Often in association with a lack of control over their own childhood, these once victims grow up and seek out means to steal the innocence of other children in order to gain some type of control over what was stolen from them; the abused becomes the predator. (Hooper, J. 2014). Studies indicate the likelihood that a molested child will grow up to molest others is greater than 50 percent. (Abel, G. and Harlow, G. 2002). Studies further indicate that these recidivist behaviors mean that men will continue to desire children for sex, and in more than 90 percent of child rapes, the offender knew the child. (Gado, M. 2013).

The second trigger is the link between pornography and sex with children. Researchers discovered that the human brain demonstrates the exact same chemical response when taking drugs as it does when consuming pornography. (Hilton, D.L. and Watts, C. 2011). The same chemical mediators are released that cause the body to react in a similar way and even become addicted in the same way. (Doidge, N. 2007). Just like with drugs, there are some consumers who can become addicted to pornography after their first viewing while others appear to never become addicted. (Yuan, K., and Tian, J., 2011). Similar to substance addiction, addiction to pornography consumption may begin after the first encounter or can occur over a period of repeated exposure, and not without consequences.

There is often a common denominator between buying sex with children and consuming child pornography. News coverage about child pornography being found on people’s personal computers who were arrested for sex offenses against children is common, and research shows that in 80 percent of child sexual abuse arrests, the offender also possessed child pornography. (Peters, R., Lederer, L., and Kelly, S., 2014). Viewing child pornography causes a physical response in the brain that releases chemical mediators which can lead to addiction and subsequently acting on those addictions with real children. The similarities to drug use and pornography are serious cause for concern. Just as a drug addict must constantly increase the dosage to get the same high, consumer of pornography often needs to increase the deviancy of the pornography. Consumption of pornography increases with this level of addiction and can lead to fetish pornography, including child pornography. (Paul, P. 2007). This extreme level of consumption can then lead to the most deviant form of pornography—violent sexual acts against children.

Child pornography is the most violent type of pornography because it involves forcing a child to be sexually violated. Often, many who consume violent child pornography then act on these fantasies involving real children. Sadly, not many men think about the risk associated with watching pornography and its destructive consequences to children, and predicting who will become addicted and where that addiction will lead is difficult to forecast. (Angres, D. H. and Bettinardi-Angres, K., 2008). Children are being raped by men who want to act out on fantasies developed through consumption of child pornography. The direct link between child pornography and raping children begs the question: what are we doing to stop child pornography from being consumed and fueling child sex trafficking?  Society must recognize that child pornography has lasting harmful consequences both for the children being filmed and the all too real possibility of predators then finding and victimizing other children.

How can you or I make a difference and prevent this from happening? You are reading this blog because you can make a difference. You can share what you have learned and make a decision to be part of the solution. There are many ways for you to get involved. Check with your state to find local coalitions in the fight against child sex trafficking. These coalitions offer many options for people to get involved. For instance, neighborhood watches monitor parks, playgrounds, and bus stops for potential predators. You can also refer others to this website so they too can be educated. Clearly it is important to share with others that there are risks involved with watching pornography and why these risks exist. You can also make a difference by educating your family and friends. You can be a voice for the children who need someone to stand up for them and protect them.

Lastly, there are resources available for those who have been molested or have watched pornography. If you think you need help to recover from what you’ve experienced, then it is time to take control of your life and be restored. There are people out there who care about you and want to see you healthy. Sometimes in life it is not a matter of what you’ve been through, but really about how you handle it. By making the decision to stop the cycle of abuse or addiction, your life can have new purpose. You can get help and then be a help to others. The cycle of addiction does not have to continue. With your decision to get help, you can make all the difference and your life can save a life. We need everyone to fight this crime and children are depending on us to protect them.

A List of References for those who are addicted to pornography:

Fortify: A Step Toward Recovery

feedtherightwolf.com

sexualrecovery.com

uncommonhelp.me

sexualcontrol.com

centerforhealthysexuality.com

focusonthefamily.com

purelife.Com

recoveryconnection.org

netsafe.org

quora.com

 

References

Abel, G., & Harlow, N. (2002, April 1). Molestation Prevention Study. Retrieved September 9, 2014, from http://www.childmolestationprevention.org/pdfs/study.pdf

Angres, D. H. and Bettinardi-Angres, K. (2008). The Disease of Addiction: Origins, Treatment, and Recovery. Disease-a-Month 54: 696–721. https://www.reshealth.org/pdfs/subsites/addiction/the_disease_of_addiction.pdf

Doidge, N. (2007). The Brain That Changes Itself. New York: Penguin Books http://www.karenpapemd.com/index.php/the-brain-that-changes-itself-science-by-norman-doidge-md-new-york-penguin-group-2007/

Gado, M. (2013, January 1). The Slaughter of Innocence. Retrieved September 4, 2014. http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/psychology/pedophiles/1.html

Harris, K. (2012, January 1). Human Trafficking. Retrieved September 4, 2014 http://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/ht/human-trafficking-2012.pdf

Hilton, D. L., and Watts, C. (2011). Pornography Addiction: A Neuroscience Perspective. Surgical Neurology International, 2: 19; (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3050060/) http://www.fightthenewdrug.org/get-the-facts

Hooper, J. (n.d.). There’s No Single Path to Sexually Using or Abusing a Child. Retrieved September 10, 2014, from https://1in6.org/men/get-information/online-readings/others-who-were-involved-or-not/why-do-people-sexually-use-or-abuse-children/

Paul, P. (2007). Pornified: How Pornography Is Transforming Our Lives, Our Relationships, and Our Families. New York: Henry Hold and Co., 75;  http://www.hatch.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/releases?ID=e228e97a-9f9e-4428-8a9e-6d4f03bdc8d0

Peters, R., Lederer, L., & Kelly, S. (n.d.). Pornography and Trafficking. Retrieved September 10, 2014, from http://soldnomore.org/pornography-and-trafficking/

Yuan, K., Quin, W., Lui, Y., and Tian, J. (2011). Internet Addiction: Neuroimaging Findings. Communicative & Integrative Biology 4, 6: 637–639; Zhou, Y., Lin, F., Du, Y., Qin, L., Zhao, Z., Xu, J., et al. (2011) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3960020/

John,

I grew up reading your books. Your characters had an influence on my young mind and their stories gave me impressions of the legal world that I will never forget. In fact, I still have nearly a whole shelf in my library dedicated to your works. Eventually, I decided to become a lawyer, went to law school, and now my career is in human trafficking law and policy. I am responsible for analyzing state laws and making recommendations to state legislatures in order to improve their laws so children are not exploited by sexual predators, including consumers of child pornography.

I am writing you because your comments in your recent interview promoting your new book where you criticized harsh prison sentences for those who view child pornography were discouraging and harmful. Frankly, I’m a little surprised and really disappointed.

John, there is an astonishing demand in America for sex with children. These men who pay for sex with children are acting on fantasies they have cultivated through the consumption of child pornography. Consumption of child pornography is not harmless or a victimless crime. Child pornography includes the recorded production of a real child experiencing real sexual abuse and exploitation. Viewers can normalize the sexual assault of a child and seek to actualize the experience, further victimizing more children.  According to the Demanding Justice Project report, buyers who solicit sex from children are also often involved in production or dissemination of child pornography. It is undeniable that consumers of child pornography drive the demand for sex with real children.

In your interview, you distinguished those who physically victimize children from those who “haven’t hurt anybody” by downloading images of children involved in sex acts. Your distinction is hollow. The collective desire for child pornography creates an illicit market where child exploiters are going to provide images of sexual acts with children that they have produced for the demand. While the child is not being physically victimized by the person who downloads an image of a child, the production of that child’s victimization was done for the consumer. Each time that child’s photo is downloaded, the image of that child is used for the sexual gratification of someone who may ultimately act on that fantasy. Why aren’t you willing to call that person a pedophile? Both are “real pedophiles.”

In your interview, you told the story of your friend who was caught in a sting by law enforcement for visiting a website offering images of “16 year old wannabe hookers” and justified his behavior by claiming they “looked 30” and were “not ten year old boys.” You probably don’t know much about human trafficking or child exploitation, so I am going to give you the benefit of the doubt and explain why both those statements are, at best, uneducated.

Those 16 year old girls who “looked 30” were groomed by their exploiters and sexualized to appear older than they actually are. This is a tragically common strategy that sex traffickers use to entice buyers who are looking for sex with children. Have you ever known any 16 year old girls whose career dreams involved becoming a “wannabe hooker?” The dark reality is that these children are forced into the commercial sex industry at young ages through manipulation, coercion, deceit, and abuse of trust.

All children are worthy of protection from pedophiles, regardless of their age or gender. You further tried to justify your friend’s decision to download child pornography by distinguishing “ten year old boys” from the “16 year old wannabe hookers,” as if to say that child pornography involving young minor girls is not as worthy of prosecution as child pornography depicting younger minor boys. The broken philosophy underpinning this statement reflects cultural attitudes toward prostitution and children, especially girls. Children are not prostitutes, they are exploited, and that is equally true for the child pornography depicting the 16-year-old girls and the ten-year-old boys. Both offenses deserve harsh penalties.

Judicial reform is a serious and urgent topic. But child pornography convictions don’t deserve lighter penalties; in many states the penalties are far too lenient in comparison to federal penalties for the same offenses.

John, there is a war in American culture and media for the innocence of children. Every time you say that your friend merely “pushed the wrong buttons” and found himself on a child pornography website, you absolve him from responsibility. This has to stop. Men must stand up to protect the exploited and be honest about the consequences of consuming child pornography with themselves and with other men. Nothing is more urgent.

Expectantly,

-Ryan Dalton

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As a survivor of child sex trafficking, I often travel across the country to share my story as part of a larger effort to spread awareness about human trafficking and child exploitation.  After sharing my testimony, I’m often asked for thoughts on ending the demand for commercial sex, as a way to deter sex trafficking and the commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC).

Several strategies have been posed to help end the demand for illegal commercial sex, including financial penalties, shame tactics, and diversion programs (e.g. “john schools”).  For any person seeking commercial sex specifically with a child, that person is a pedophile; his or her behavior will not be corrected with a fine or john school.  For those buyers who are intending to purchase illegal commercial sex from a “willing” adult, then a john school could certainly educate them about the existence of sex trafficking within illegal (and sometimes legal) commercial sex work, including incidences involving children.

It is not necessarily my mission to end the demand for legal commercial sex work; however, it is my personal and professional mission to end the widespread tolerance for sexual objectification of women and girls, especially in the media.  I believe this will, in turn, help to reduce the prevalence of sexual exploitation, including sex trafficking and CSEC.

Every day we are surrounded by images of women sexualized and objectified in the media.  Consistent exposure to such images can cause impressionable and misled girls to self-sexualize and self-objectify, and can cause both boys and girls to grow up viewing women as objects to critique and consume.  Such a culture creates a tendency toward violence against women, which can manifest in ways ranging from degrading jokes about women in positions of power to excuses made for college students who gang rape an intoxicated and unconscious girl.

In my recently-published book, Walking Prey,I stress the need for media literacy education as a way to prevent sexual exploitation.  Such education would help children and youth to deconstruct media (e.g. advertisements, magazines, movies, and music) and discuss messages within those media, including messages about different genders, races, and cultures.

An ideal media literacy program would include various perspectives on these topics from diverse populations. For example, many media messages attempt to portray an empowered woman, whether it’s for an advertisement, music video, or other media vehicle.  But what does an empowered woman look like?  One person may envision an empowered woman as one who is sexually open and aggressive, while another may view her as one who is academically and professionally successful.  Another person may see an empowered woman as one who is chasing her dreams, regardless of the academic level, financial payoff, or sexual appeal; and yet another may see her as one who embraces her age and the wisdom gained from experience.

The goal of media literacy is to encourage children and youth to question (1) whose view or perspective they are actually seeing in a media image or message, (2) whether or not they agree with that message, and (3) the potential effects that message may have on individuals and societies.

How might such education prevent sexual exploitation, including sex trafficking and CSEC?

Youth and young adults who are forced or lured into commercial sex work have often already experienced sexual abuse and/or exploitation within their homes or communities.  Before I met the man who trafficked me for commercial sex at age 14, I had been sexually exploited by older boys and young men in my community.  As a preteen, I studied fashion magazines, movies, and music videos for clues about how to be pretty and popular.  As a result, I was overwhelmingly exposed to images of sexually objectified women.

What I learned from these messages was that young women who were valued in society were sexy, desired by men, and eager to please men and that sex always felt good to these women.  As I adopted these principles, I quickly learned that I did notenjoy sex, which made me think that something was physically wrong with me.  What I did notlearn from these media messages was that empowered women not only had the choice to say no to sex but also practiced that choice whenever they felt uncomfortable.

In turn, I believe the older boys and men from my youth who sexually exploited intermediate and middle school-aged girls had also been exposed to these same media messages.  I believe they simply didn’t see anything wrong with treating girls as sexual objects without feelings, concerns, or desires of their own.  Had I been exposed to media literacy in elementary and middle school, I might have recognized that I was seeing only one perspective on female sexuality and value; and that this message, without the balance of other perspectives, was potentially destructive.  The same goes for the boys and young men in my community – had they been exposed to media literacy, perhaps they would have recognized, and even rejected, messages that encouraged objectification and exploitation of women.

I ultimately cooperated with the man who forced me into prostitution because I didn’t understand my personal rights or value as a young woman.  In fact, I began to feel empowered by prostitution because I was then getting paid to do something that I hated but thought was a requisite of young women.  Many youth and young adults in illegal (or legal) commercial sex work may harbor these same notions.

So, what are my thoughts on ending the demand for commercial sex?  My thoughts are to instead focus on media literacy as a tool to teach youth to think critically.  Such education can follow youth into adulthood and help them to identify negative messages and situations, especially those that perpetuate violence against others.  Media literacy is one of many vital components to a well-rounded prevention program to educate youth against sexual exploitation.  Change will begin with education, and a movement will flourish with inspired young leaders.

 

I should say up front that this post is aimed at men.  When it comes to fighting human trafficking, those of us on the front-lines of this battle tend to look beside us and see mostly women.  When you add the fact that many, but not all perpetrators, especially of domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) are males, it becomes painfully clear that we need strong and compassionate men to join the efforts to end this atrocity.

With that said, I promise that this will not be a “male bashing”post.  As an African-American male, I don’t want to add to the guilt that many feel.  To the contrary, my intention is simply this: to move you to action.  And perhaps the best way to do that is to share why I got involved.

I have been married to my beautiful and loving wife for 16 years.  In that time, I have been blessed to be Daddy to two amazing daughters.  Yes, three women govern my personal life!  I have learned to enjoy mall hopping, learning the newest pop sensations, and I have enough rainbow loom bracelets to stretch across all the Peachtree Streets in Atlanta.

Perhaps one of the biggest adaptations I’ve made as a father was understanding inequalities that still exist for women.  The looks my oldest would receive as one of a few girls at basketball camp.  The bullying my youngest dealt with as the smartest in her class.  Many times the thought would enter my mind – “Would they go through this if they were boys?”  As a dad, my job was to protect and that’s what I planned to do until they were grown and married.

And so as a protector, when I began to learn that modern-day slavery still existed around the world, I was shocked.  I was even more shocked to learn that it happened in many forms, one of which was DMST and my own home of Atlanta had developed a reputation across the world of being a hub for the sex trafficking of minors.  In fact, in 2005, the FBI named Atlanta as one of 14 cities in the nation with the highest incidence of children used in prostitution.  As men, many times our natural reaction to this is to get angry, and then once football or some other distraction comes into our world, that anger subsides.  For me, the anger just stewed.  And I knew I had to do something.

My first course of action was to learn more.  And as I learned more, I realized that this was no light issue.  In my home state of Georgia, the average age of girls exploited sexually is 12-14.  In 2009, each month, 7,200 men were paying for 8,700 sex acts with children in Georgia.  After learning this information, there was no way that I could ignore what was happening in my own community.  As Edmund Burke said “The only thing necessary for evil to triumph is for good men to do nothing.”  How could I consider myself a good man and a good father if I were to turn my head away from what was happening in my community?

And as a father, this meant that, at the appropriate time, I needed to begin educating my family.  Starting with my wife and then my daughters.  Something as simple having a conversation about “what are girls and boys like at your school,” can be an eye-opening dialogue to have with your children.

Once I became educated, I needed to find a place to fit in.  How could I get engaged with this issue?  I did not have extra time to just add hours to my already packed schedule, nor did I want to do the community service equivalent of bucket plunking in church.  I wanted to add value to this cause.  As learning professional that meant applying my experience and skills to the training that was being done by Street Grace, the organization that introduced me to this issue.  For others that have partnered with us, their contribution has also related to their expertise.  There is so much to be done, that there’s a place and role for everyone.  What will yours be?

As I began to serve, seeing the lights go on in the eyes of others was encouraging.  I knew that the way I was serving was making a difference and I began freely giving more and more of my time to Street Grace.  The empowerment that was happening around me was exciting and it lead me to believe that within my lifetime, I could see this horror ended.

Fast-forward four years to 2014.  I had the privilege of serving on the Street Grace Board of Directors for three years.  I now continue to serve as a member of the CEO’s Advisory Board.  I have traveled around the country speaking about the ills of DMST and human trafficking.  All of this because I decided not to let a Falcons game quench the discomfort that was growing within me around this issue.

So what will your story be?  As the 19th Century English abolitionist William Wilberforce said, “You may choose to look the other way, but you can never again say that you did not know.”  So now that YOU know, what will YOU do?

Action Steps:

1. Get educated.  Participate in a Chosen small group study or find training about DMST
2. Talk to the children in your life. Simply learning about what these children are experiencing, challenged with or doing can be valuable information in this fight.
3. Give.  Your time and your finances, make a contribution to a local community-based organization that is fighting this issue.
4. Mentor. If you don’t mentor the children in our communities, the pimps, dealers and other negative members of society will.
5. Spread the word.  Tell others about this atrocity, encouraging them to get involved in this fight.

Learn more about Aaronde’s work at Street Grace and the Fathers Against Child Exploitation (FACE).

 

While enslaved on a plantation on the eastern shore of Maryland, my great-great-great grandfather, Frederick Douglass, was denied an education. Slaves were prohibited by U.S. law to learn to read and write. Slave owners understood that education was incompatible with slavery. They believed that an ignorant slave was a content slave…and the federal government ensured that those held in physical bondage would also be held in mental bondage.

There is a paradigm that, even after the legal demise of slavery brought on by the Emancipation Proclamation and Thirteenth Amendment, has remained unchanged. Douglass identified the key to ending this human scourge when he realized at the tender age of nine that, “Education makes a man unfit to be a slave.” My great ancestor understood that knowledge was power and it would one day be his key to freedom.

I’ve long considered my connection to Douglass as well as that to my great-great grandfather, Booker T. Washington, to be a rare blessing. It wasn’t, however, until I discovered the extent to which slavery still affects people in the world today, including here in the U.S., that I realized these great legacies were also part of a calling for me – a calling to leverage history in order to help change the future for those captured in modern-day slavery. Unless we’re able to educate young people about slavery’s past and present; about the methods traffickers use to entrap and exploit, it will continue unabated. This is the mission of the organization I lead, Frederick Douglass Family Initiatives (FDFI).

Human trafficking is slavery.  It occurs when one or more individuals are controlled and used by others. Trafficking victims often include children who have been coerced or deceived into the commercial sex trade. Sex trafficking is a profitable crime: where guns and drugs are sold only once, a child can be sold many times (even in one day) and can be sold day after day, week after week and year after year. Unlike the legalized slavery my ancestors endured, the slavery that exists today is illegal. The criminals are not just those who sell children for sex but also those who buy them.

Demand has been recognized as a critical component of the sex trafficking crime. Most of us recognize “supply and demand” as basic elements of an economic formula. In the same way that the demand for cheap and free labor in the Southern United States drove the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, sex trafficking today is driven by demand. Sex traffickers meet this demand by supplying mostly women and girls to buyers wishing to purchase them for sex.

Our culture is, in many ways, complicit in creating demand for commercial sex. One way is by normalizing prostitution. Media representations of prostituted individuals, various forms of sexual exploitation and Pimp Culture are reaching boys on computer screens and cellphones at younger and younger ages. While some of their female counterparts are being lured into commercial sex, huge numbers of boys are systematically being groomed by pornographers to become future buyers of sex in person and on video. As pornography proliferates on the Internet, the financial stakes and the risk to children increase exponentially. Right now, pornographers have the upper hand.

“It’s easier to build strong children than to repair broken men.”

 Frederick Douglass

Current efforts to address demand have focused almost exclusively on adult males who purchase sex.  Federal and local legislation has been introduced and bills have been passed to strengthen anti-demand enforcement. Community awareness campaigns have been promoted to help men understand that Real Men Don’t Buy Sex.

These are all important and necessary steps to take. If, however, the strategy for stopping demand is to repair broken men, it will ultimately fail. A concerted effort must be made to build strong children. Prevention education needs to become a priority in the fight against sex trafficking and demand. We often use the image of the 2010 gulf oil spill as an analogy for the unchecked destruction being caused by sex trafficking in our communities. Proactively educating children is the logical solution to capping the broken well of this particular disaster.

“Young people play critical roles on both sides of the Contemporary Slavery spectrum: at one end, they are the most vulnerable to becoming its victims and, at the other, the most qualified to lead its demise.”

Robert Benz,

Frederick Douglass Family Initiatives

Educating young people about the crime of sex trafficking is an important first step if we want to eradicate sex trafficking from communities. Frederick Douglass and Booker T. Washington understood first-hand that the application of knowledge and the empowerment of an individual provided the best opportunity for one to remain free from bondage. With this philosophy as our foundation, FDFI created a human trafficking prevention curriculum for secondary schools called, History, Human Rights and the Power of One. It is designed to help keep children from becoming victims of various forms of slavery and to empower them to act against human trafficking in their communities.

Prevention education provides girls and young women with tools to understand how sexual exploitation happens, how to avoid it and what to do when it happens to them.  It also helps them identify the elements within language, media and popular culture that conspire to obscure or even glamorize behavior that may be detrimental or dangerous. Prevention education provides boys and young men with tools to understand how sexual exploitation happens and what to do if they see it happening around them. And, most importantly, education teaches them how to avoid playing a role in driving demand. It helps them recognize and interpret elements within cultural traditions, the Internet, media trends and pornography that may place their health, integrity and women and girls at risk.

In April 2013, I visited a youth detention facility outside of Washington, D.C. It is a secure, lockdown facility for about 150 boys who have been adjudicated as delinquent and committed to the district’s Department of Youth Rehabilitation Services. While chatting with the young men, I noticed a kid in the front row who looked to be about 16 years old.  He had a teardrop tattoo under his right eye which drew my attention to his steely glare and hardened demeanor. I could see in his eyes all of the suffering he had endured as a child and all of the suffering he had likely inflicted on himself and others.

My conversation with the boys covered many subjects that day including violence against women and girls. A few of them emotionally recounted the violence they had witnessed against women in their own lives. Some of the boys confided in me that they were there because they had abused girls.  I asked them to stop and think about how they would feel or react if someone were to mistreat or abuse their sister, mother or daughter. The young man with the tattoo didn’t say a word and continued to stare.

I proceeded to share stories about the courageous men and women in history who gave their lives for the freedom these young men had thrown away. We talked about Frederick Douglass and the importance of freeing one’s mind from mental bondage. We talked about Booker T. Washington and how he started a school to educate formerly enslaved Americans. As our time together came to a close, I concluded by telling them that they descend from greatness and each of them has the blood of heroes and sheroes flowing through their veins, just like I do.

The young man in the front row with the steely glare had been silent until this moment.  He looked me straight in the eyes and said, “Mr. Morris, I have a baby boy. When I get out of here one day, I’m not going to raise him how I was raised. I’m going to teach him to always treat women with respect and dignity.” The teardrop tattoo on his cheek was now obscured by real tears.

I couldn’t help but think how this young man’s life may have taken a different turn had he been educated and empowered when it mattered most.